Integration soon spread to other areas of the economy. In 1957 the six members of the ECSC founded the European Economic Community (EEC) and the European Atomic Energy Community (EURATOM) by signing the Treaties of Rome. Their aim was the " Common Market" . In 1967 the organs of the three European Communities were amalgamated. Since then there has been a single Commission, a single Council of Ministers and a single European Parliament. The European Union (EU) was established in 1992 by the Maastricht Treaty. Since that point in time, the Community system has extended to cooperation between the governments of the Member States in the fields of the Common Foreign and Security Policy as well as Justice and Home Affairs.
| 1952 | 1993 |
| 1958 | 1999 |
| 1967 | 2003 |
| 1987 | 2004 |
On 18 April 1951, six countries – Belgium, Germany, France, Italy, Luxembourg and the Netherlands – signed the Treaty establishing the European Coal and Steel Community (ECSC). The Treaty entered into force on 23 July 1952.
The ECSC was the first supranational organization in Europe’s history. Its objective was to promote and secure common economic development rather than the manufacture of weapons. Article 2 of the ECSC Treaty states: "The European Coal and Steel Community shall have as its task to contribute, in harmony with the general economy of the Member States and through the establishment of a common market (…) to economic expansion, growth of employment and a rising standard of living in the Member States."
On 25 March 1957, Belgium, Germany, France, Italy, Luxembourg and the Netherlands signed the Treaties establishing the European Economic Community (EEC) and the European Atomic Energy Community (EURATOM), which entered into force on 1 January 1958. The Treaties were signed on the Capitoline Hill in Rome, hence the name "Treaties of Rome". The three organizations ECSC, EURATOM and EEC are enshrined in the Treaties. They are supranational in character and together make up the European Communities (EC).
The declared aim of the Treaties is to lay the foundations for an ever closer union among the peoples of Europe. This is to be achieved by:
Article 2 of the EEC Treaty: "The Community shall have as its task, by establishing a common market and progressively approximating the economic policies of the Member States, to promote throughout the Community a harmonious development of economic activities, a continuous and balanced expansion, an increase in stability, an accelerated raising of the standard of living and closer relations between the States belonging to it."
The Merger Treaty was signed on 8 April 1965 and entered into force on 1 July 1967. The Treaty consolidated the institutional structures: a single Council, a single Commission, a single administration of the Communities and a single budget were established.
Article 9 of the Merger Treaty: "A Commission of the European Communities (hereinafter called the "Commission") is hereby established. This Commission shall take the place of the High Authority of the European Coal and Steel Community, the Commission of the European Economic Community and the Commission of the European Atomic Energy Community."
The Single European Act (SEA) was signed on 17 February 1986 in Luxembourg and on 28 February in The Hague. It entered into force on 1 July 1987. The SEA was the first major revision of the Treaties of Rome. The main changes it introduced were:
Article 13 of the SEA: "The internal market shall comprise an area without internal frontiers in which the free movement of goods, persons, services and capital is ensured in accordance with the provisions of this Treaty."
The Treaty of Maastricht was signed by the Ministers of Foreign Affairs and of Finance on 7 February 1992 and entered into force on 1 November 1993. It was the second and most far-reaching revision of the founding Treaties. It created the European Union and thus the possibility to advance in the long term towards political union.
Main changes introduced by the Maastricht Treaty:
The three pillars are:
- First pillar: EU/Euratom/ECSC
- Second pillar: Common Foreign and Security Policy
- Third pillar: Cooperation on justice and home affairs
Article 17 of the EU Treaty: "Citizenship of the Union is hereby established. Every person holding the nationality of a Member State shall be a citizen of the Union. Citizens of the Union shall enjoy the rights conferred by this Treaty and shall be subject to the duties imposed thereby."
On 2 October 1997 the EU Foreign Ministers signed the Treaty of Amsterdam, which entered into force on 1 May 1999. In addition to substantive amendments, the main editorial changes concern a complete renumbering of the Treaty articles.
Key amendments:
The Treaty of Amsterdam states for the first time the principles on which the EU is based:
Article 6 of the EU Treaty (as amended by the Treaty of Amsterdam): "The Union is founded on the principles of liberty, democracy, respect for human rights and fundamental freedoms, and the rule of law, principles which are common to the Member States."
The Treaty of Nice was signed on 26 February 2001 in Nice and entered into force on 1 February 2003. The aim of the Treaty was to prepare Europe for enlargement by ten new Member States.
The institutional changes introduced by the Treaty of Nice mainly concern the extension of qualified majority voting in the Council of the European Union, the nomination and role of the President of the European Commission, the division of jurisdiction between the Court of Justice of the European Communities (CJEC) and the Court of First Instance of the European Communities (CFIEC), and changes to the weighting of votes in the Council. The maximum number of members of the European Parliament was increased from 700 to 732, and provision was made to reduce the size of the Commission following accession of the 27th Member State according to the principle of equal rotation of the post of commissioner among the Member States.
The Treaty amended the provisions on "enhanced cooperation" to facilitate deeper integration on the part of individual Member States. The main substantive changes include the extension of powers to conclude agreements to trade in services and the commercial aspects of intellectual property. A new legal basis for sanctions against Member States that violate the fundamental principles of the Union was introduced.
The Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union is not an integral part of the Treaty of Nice. It was the subject of a solemn proclamation by the Heads of State and Government in Nice and is not legally binding.
The Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union (Preamble): "The peoples of Europe, in creating an ever closer union among them, are resolved to share a peaceful future based on common values."
On 29 October the Heads of State and Government and the Foreign Ministers of the EU Member States signed the Treaty on a Constitution for Europe in Rome. In order to enter into force, the Constitutional Treaty must be ratified in all Member States. Since the Constitutional Treaty was defeated by a majority of the votes in referenda in France and the Netherlands, it is unclear whether and when the ratification process can be successfully concluded.
